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The Sixth Extinction By Niles Eldredge

About 30,000 species go extinct annually.

大约每年有30000种物种走向灭绝。

There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is

currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five

great mass extinctions of the geological past.

在生物学专家心中都有一个小小的疑问，地球是否在面临着可能媲美过去五大物种灭绝的另

一次不断增加的物种灭绝。

As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is

currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year -- which

breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour.

早在1993年，哈佛一名生物学家，E.O. Wilson就预测地球物种正在以每年30000种的速度消

失, 而这种令人心悸的预测则被更为恐怖的每小时3种的统计结果结束了.

Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis -- this "Sixth

Extinction" -- is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.

The previous mass extinctions were due to natural causes.

一些生物学家已经开始察觉到生物多样性的危机了. Wilson预测说这次的第六次物种灭绝,

比以往五次更为严重,更为紧迫。前几次大量物种灭绝的发生，只是因为自然原因。

Extinction in the past

过去的几次大量物种灭绝

The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay

outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and

entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?

过去的几次生物界翻天覆地的变化，原因都不外乎正常的天气还有其他的物理因素干扰这些

物理因素，而整个生态系统都安然度过了。这些都是怎样发生的呢？

* First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and

sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end

-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life

(little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family

may consist of a few to thousands of species).

第一次大量物种灭绝（c.440 mya）:较为严重的突然全球变冷似乎先发生，然后就有了

引起海洋物种显著变化的后奥陶纪的大量物种灭绝（当时很少或者根本没有生物在大路上生

存），大约25%的物种科目消失了（一个物种科目可能含有几十到上千的物种）。

* Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of

the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate

change. 19% of families lost.

第二次大量物种灭绝（c. 370 mya）：第二次类似的事件发生在大概泥盆纪结束的时候

，尚未清楚是否由于全球气候的变化。这次有19%的物种科目消失了。

* Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at

the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of

the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted

in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a

bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54%

of families lost.

第三次大量物种灭绝（c. 245 mya）:地质构造论中二迭纪发生的大范围地壳运动和气

候的复杂多变可以解释这次起码到现在为止是最大规模的大量物种灭绝。但在最近，又有证

据说类似于后白垩纪的流星事件可能是这次物种灭绝的主要原因。这次54%的物种科目被灭

绝了。

* Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic

Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains

difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost.

第四次大量物种灭绝（c.210 mya）:这次大量物种灭绝发生在发生在三叠纪后期，在进

化出恐龙和哺乳动物之后不久。这次物种灭绝很难精确确定出原因。23%的物种科目消失了

* Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most

recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining

terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across

the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record.

Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one

(possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide

(probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event

that produced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events

that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly

succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost.

第五次大量物种灭绝(c. 65 mya):物种灭绝中最为著名的可能莫过于距离现在最近的

在白垩纪末发生的第五次物种灭绝. 根据对化石的研究发现,在这次物种灭绝中,陆地恐龙和

鹦鹉螺都完全消失. 有着同样命运的还有许多物种谱中的生物. 在过去十年中,大家都认为

这次物种灭绝的原因在于一次(也有可能是多次)地球与宇宙流星(很有可能是彗星)的相撞.

但一些地质学家持不同意见。他们把原因归结于产生了印度德干traps（陷阱？）的火山运

动而造成的生态系统的剧烈变动，最终使陆地上和海里的许多生物迅速走向灭绝。

The current mass extinction is caused by humans.

现在我们面临的大量物种灭绝是人为因素造成的。

How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events?

第六次大量物种灭绝与之前有什么不同呢？

At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem

to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which

is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the

direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world

through such activities as:

初步来看，过去五次大量物种灭绝对现在第六次认为造成的物种灭绝没有任何可借鉴意义，

因为毫无疑问人类造成了如下几种情况，给生态系统造成了很大压力，给物种带来了灭绝：

* transformation of the landscape

地貌的改变

* overexploitation of species

物种资源的过度开发

* pollution

污染

* the introduction of alien species

带来了外来物种

And because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally

and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the

first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a

physical, cause.

同样由于智人很明显是动物的一员（虽然行为和外貌上不很像动物），第六次物种灭绝似乎

是有史以来第一次由生物而不是物理环境变化引起的。

We are bringing about massive changes in the environment.

我们给环境带来了剧烈的变化。

Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of

the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that

extraterrestrial impact -- through its sheer explosive power, followed

immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the

atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically,

photosynthesis was severely inhibited -- wreaked havoc on the living systems of

Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now:

humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet.

Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.

然而进一步的说，人类对于地球的影响，完全相当于白垩纪的彗星撞击。彗星带来了爆炸性

的力量，紧接着把碎片带到大气上层，引起了全球气候降低，还有最重要的，极大地降低了

光合作用，就像是对地球生态系统的愤怒轰炸一样。这完全和现在人类正在对这颗行星做的

一样：人类正在给这颗行星的物理环境带来巨大的改变，而这种改变，自从人类出现便已经

开始了。

What is the Sixth Extinction?

什么是第六次大量物种灭绝？

We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:

我们可以把第六次大量物种灭绝分为两段

* Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to

different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago.

第一阶段开始于100，000年前现代人类分散到世界各地

* Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture.

第二阶段开始与10，000年前人类开始了农业劳动

先翻译到这里。。。有空我会接着翻。。。

太长了，你还是加我的QQ吧。416214890，我帮你翻。

At war with the planet 课文翻译

1. The fact can not be igored that many people are still going hungry.

2. In recent years, the grain yield has been reduced by the climate change.

3. The population should be controlled to deal with the food crisis.

4. The grain yield is greatly influenced by the rapid climate change.

5. The food crisis is mainly caused by the rapidly rising population and limited cultivated land.

6. We are more concerned about the energy.

7. I hope that more and more people will be aware of the importance of energy conservation.

高中英语阅读N篇翻译，只翻译红色句子

At war with the planet 翻译

星球之战 巴里·卡门纳

1．Human beings live in two worlds. Like all living things, we live on the earth, the natural world, which has been formed by physical, chemical and biological changes for more than five billion years. The other world comes from human creation, such as family, car, farm, factory, laboratory, food, clothing, books, paintings, music, poetry and so on. We are responsible for what happens in the human world, but we are powerless to change the natural world. Storms, droughts, floods and so on are God's "writings". Human beings can't control them and are not responsible for them.

人类生活在两个世界中。和所有的生物一样，我们生存在这个经过50多亿年物理、化学、生物变化所形成的地球上，即自然世界。另外一个世界则源于人类的创造，如家庭、汽车、农场、工厂、实验室、食物、服装、书籍、绘画、音乐、诗歌等。我们为人类世界所发生的一切承担责任，却对自然世界的变化无能为力。风暴、干旱、洪水等都是上帝的“手笔”，人类无法控制，也无须负责。

2．But now, from a global perspective, the boundaries have been broken. There are holes in the ozone layer that protect the earth. Global warming threatens human beings. Even droughts, floods, thermoelectric waves and so on may be human carelessness

但如今，从全球的角度看，这个界限已被打破。对地球起保护作用的臭氧层出现空洞，全球变暖威胁人类，甚至干旱、洪水、热电波等都可能是人类的无心之过。

3．Just as the creation of the universe, such predictive global events have far-reaching implications. They change the relationship between the earth and its star, the sun. The sun plays an important role in the earth through two forces: gravity and solar radiation. Gravity is a stabilizing force that causes the earth's orbit to move around the sun. Solar radiation, mostly visible light and ultraviolet light, is an inexhaustible energy that bathes the earth's surface and fluctuates with time and seasons. Solar energy provides the necessary energy for the process of life: it creates the earth's climate and governs the gradual evolution and current behaviour of large and diverse biota. We have been abusing this powerful force, like the legendary apprentices of magicians, without realizing that our actions are likely to lead to catastrophic consequences.

正如宇宙的建立，这种预示性的全球事件是影响深远的。它们改变了地球与它的恒星太阳之间的关系。太阳通过两种力量对地球发挥重要作用：重力和太阳辐射。重力是一种使地球轨道绕太阳转的稳定力量。太阳辐射——大部分为可见光和紫外线——是沐浴着地球表层的取之不尽、用之不竭的能量，它会随时间和季节的变化而波动。太阳能为生命进程提供必需的能量：它创造了地球上的气候并掌管着庞大而多样的生物群的逐渐进化和当前的行为。我们一直在滥用这股强大的力量，就像传说中的魔术师的徒弟一样，并没有意识到我们的这种行为很可能会导致灾难性的后果。

4．Just as the creation of the universe, such predictive global events have far-reaching implications. They change the relationship between the earth and its star, the sun. The sun plays an important role in the earth through two forces: gravity and solar radiation. Gravity is a stabilizing force that causes the earth's orbit to move around the sun. Solar radiation, mostly visible light and ultraviolet light, is an inexhaustible energy that bathes the earth's surface and fluctuates with time and seasons. Solar energy provides the necessary energy for the process of life: it creates the earth's climate and governs the gradual evolution and current behaviour of large and diverse biota. We have been abusing this powerful force, like the legendary apprentices of magicians, without realizing that our actions are likely to lead to catastrophic consequences.

自从人类第一次登月起，我们就一直习惯于如今这平常无奇的地球景象——一个被装点着旋涡状白云的蓝色星球。这真是个壮观的自然天体。隔着那么远的距离，人类活动的明显痕迹无法被察觉。但这种曾无数次展现在照片、海报和广告上的景象都是误导。即使全球变暖这种灾害永不发生，即使臭氧层空洞仍然只是一种深奥的极地现象，人类活动已极大地改变了地球条件，这些也许是用照相机拍不出来的。世界的每个角落都出现了由核爆炸和核能工业的危险剩余物质所产生的辐射现象，那是从前不存在的；烟霾的有害烈焰笼罩着世界上的大都市；各地都有报道发现母亲的奶水中有致癌的合成杀虫剂的成分；大片大片的森林被砍伐，摧毁了生态小环境，也毁灭了生存在其中的物种。

5．Obviously, we need to understand in depth the interaction between these two worlds: one is the ecosphere on which the thin surface air, water, soil, plants and animals depend; the other is the artificial biosphere, whose enormous power fully deserves the title. Such a large and strong technological circle has changed the natural process of controlling the natural circle. Then the changed ecosphere has inundated our cities, depleted abundant farm resources, polluted food and water, and poisoned our bodies - depriving us of the ability to supply basic human needs. Humanity's encroachment on the ecosphere has been countered. The two worlds are at war.

显而易见，我们需要深入认识这两个世界间的相互作用：一个是稀薄的地表空气、水、土壤和植物、动物们赖以存在的生态圈；另一个是人造生物圈——它庞大的力量完全配得上这一称号。如此庞大和强烈的技术圈已经改变了控制自然圈的自然进程。接着，被改变了的生态圈也已淹没我们的城市，耗尽丰厚的农场资源，污染食物和水源，并毒害我们的身体——使我们丧失供应人类基本需求的能力。人类对生态圈侵害已遭到反击。两大世界正处于交战状态。

6．

我们所居住的两个世界分别受控于不同的规律。生态圈一个最基本的规律可概括为“万物都互相联系”。这说明生态圈是一个精密的网络，其间的每个成员都与其他成员相联系。因此，在海洋生态系统中，鱼不仅是鱼，也不仅是其他鱼的生育者；它还充当有机废料的生产者，而这些有机废料滋养着微生物甚至水生植物；它又是由植物光合作用生成的氧气的消耗者；它也是寄生虫的栖息地和鱼鹰的猎食对象。鱼并不仅仅是孤立的鱼，它也是网络上的一个要素并限制网络的功能。的确，从进化论的角度上看，网络中的很多成员，比如微生物和植物，都先于鱼而存在。但正因为鱼能适应这一业已存在的系统，它才得以立足。

7．In the technological circle, the relationship between members, i.e. many kinds of man-made objects, is different relative to their environment. For example, cars stand in communities without restrictions; cars of the same type can run on the bustling Los Angeles Highway or on quiet country roads. Cars are manufactured for sale, as a commodity, without considering that they are suitable for external conditions: transportation systems or the environment. Of course, all cars need access and proper brakes, lights, horns, etc. But as every resident of Los Angeles or New York knows, in recent years, crowded streets and highways have been filled with long cars. These cars are designed to cater to buyers and profit manufacturers, but seldom to suit the environment.

在技术圈中，成员们即众多形形色色的人造物体之间相对于它们的环境来说关系也不一样。例如，汽车立于社区却不受其限制；同型的汽车可以奔驰在熙熙攘攘的洛杉矶高速公路上，也可以行驶在安静的乡村小路上。汽车被生产出来就是为了出售，就是一种商品，无须考虑它适合于外界条件：交通系统或环境。当然，所有汽车都需要交通通道，并要有合适的闸、灯、喇叭等。但正如洛杉矶或纽约的每个居民所知道的那样，近年来，拥挤的街道和高速公路全都充塞着长龙般的小轿车。而这些小轿车的设计只求迎合买者并使生产商获利，却很少考虑与环境相宜。

8．It is not surprising that automobiles have environmentally unfavourable properties only to cater to buyers and manufacturers. People have successfully designed new cars that are comfortable and fast, without considering the essential elements of the environment - human beings themselves and their need for clean, smokeless air.

若只为迎合买者和生产商，汽车具有不利于环境的性能也就不足为奇了。人们成功地设计出了既舒适又快捷的新型汽车，却从不考虑环境中的必备要素——人类本身和他们对清洁的、无烟空气的需求。

9．Even farms so close to nature in the technological world suffer from the same conflict with the environment. As artificial objects, farms are only designed to produce crops. Therefore, after World War II, agronomists strongly advocated increasing the input of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Production has increased, but not in direct proportion to fertilizer input; year after year, crops have absorbed fewer and fewer fertilizers, most of which are lost to groundwater through soil, and pollute rivers, lakes and freshwater supplies in the form of nitrates. Nitrogen fertilizers are sold only to increase production, and even manufactured solely to increase the profits of the chemical industry. When inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were introduced in the 1950s, little attention was paid to their ecological conditions in soil/water systems and the hazards of increasing nitrate concentration in drinking water.

就连技术圈中如此接近自然的农场也遭受到同样的与环境的冲突。作为人造物体，农场仅仅旨在生产农作物。为此，二战后农学家们大力提倡增加化学氮肥料的投入量。生产量增长了，却与肥料投入量不成正比；年复一年，庄稼吸收到的肥料日益减少，投入的肥料大都通过土壤流失到地下水中，并以硝酸盐的形式污染河流、湖泊和淡水供应。仅仅为了提高产量而出售氮肥料，甚至单单为了提高化学工业的利润而生产氮肥料。20世纪50年代引进无机氮肥料时，人们就很少考虑其在土壤／水系统中的生态情况和饮用水中硝酸盐比重提高的危害。

lO．The second ecological law - "Everything can be transformed into something else" - is combined with the first one, reflecting the importance of circulation in the natural circle. For example, in aquatic ecosystems, the chemical elements involved move through closed circulation processes. When fish breathe, they produce carbon dioxide, which is then absorbed by aquatic plants and used for photosynthesis to produce the oxygen they need to breathe. Fish secrete nitrogen-containing organic compounds; when wastes are decomposed by aquatic bacteria and moulds, organic nitrogen is converted into nitrates; in turn, nitrates are essential nutrients for aquatic algae; when aquatic algae are absorbed by fish, they will contribute to the production of organic wastes, and this cycle is completed. In this closed cycle system, there is no real "waste" and everything generated in the cycle will be converted into something else and used in the next step.

第二条生态规律——“任何事物都会转化成其他事物”——与第一条合起来，体现出自然圈中循环的重要性。例如在水域生态系统中，参与其中的化学要素通过封闭的循环流程运动。鱼呼吸时产生二氧化碳，接下来，二氧化碳被水生植物吸收并用于光合作用生成鱼呼吸需要的氧气。鱼分泌出含氮的有机化合物；当废料被水生细菌和霉分解时，有机氮就转化为硝酸盐；依次下来，硝酸盐又是水生藻类的必要营养品；水生藻类被鱼吸收后会促成其产生有机废料，这个循环到此完成。在这个封闭的循环系统中，没有真正的“废料”，循环中产生的任何事物都会转化为它物并在下一步被利用。

11．Contrary to the ecosphere, the technological sphere is determined by linear processes. Crops and animals that feed on them are eaten; and their waste is washed into sewers and disposed of to form a constant but varied quantity, and then the remainder is dumped into rivers or oceans, thus disrupting the natural waters ecosystem. Uranium is mined and processed into atomic fuel for energy production, which is then converted into highly radioactive nuclear waste. To prevent environmental pollution, these nuclear waste must be carefully stored for thousands of years. But so far, custody has been ineffective. Now the main energy source in the technology circle is fossil fuels. Once used up, it will never live again. The ultimate consequence of linear processes is the threat of air pollution and global warming. So in the technological world, substances are linearly converted to waste: crops are converted to waste; uranium is radioactive residue; and fossil fuels are converted to carbon dioxide. In the technological circle, the end of the straight line is always waste, which is an attack on the circulation process of the ecosystem.

与生态圈相反，技术圈是由线性流程决定的。农作物和以它们为生的动物被人食用；而它们的废料被冲进下水道，经处置后构成保持不变但数量发生变化，然后残余部分被倒入河流或海洋中，因此这部分废物便打乱了自然水域生态系统。铀经开采后被加工成用于生产能源的原子燃料，然后变成放射性极强的核废料。为防污染环境，这些核废料必须被认真保管长达数千年。但迄今为止，保管工作一直效果不佳。现在技术圈运作的能源主要是矿物燃料，一旦用完，永不再生。线性流程的最终后果就是空气污染和全球变暖的威胁。所以，在技术圈中，物质被直线性地转化为废物：农作物转化为污物；铀成为放射性残余；矿物燃料成为二氧化碳。在技术圈中，直线末段永远是废物，是对生态圈循环流程的攻击。

1. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a potential hunger crisis in poor countries and an energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead.

尽管近提来无数的警告，需要解决贫穷国家的饥荒危机和全世界范围的能源危机，世界各国的***却没能提前对此做出对策。

译注：think ahead意思是：超前思维，这里应该指未提前制订出就对政策

2. These food-price increases. combined with increasing energy costs, will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even affect political stability. Practical solutions to these problems do exist, but we'll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.

这些食品价格的上涨，加之不断上涨的能源成本，即使不使世界上许多地区的经济停滞，至少也会减缓其发展速度，而且甚至会影响到政治稳定。解决这些问题的实际方案的确存在，只是我们要学会超前思维，并采取全球性措施。

3. The first is to promote the dramatic success of Malawi

首先就是进一步推广马拉维戏剧性的成功。

4. Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of paying partly for the change of food into biofuels.

其次，美国和欧洲应放弃他们部分以食品换生化燃料的政策。

5. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation hind (Fund) to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.

全世界已经承诺建议一个气候适应基金，以帮助贫穷地区开展抗恶劣气候式经济活动，诸如食品生产和医疗保健少去，但他们的这个承诺尚未落实到行动上。

大致是这样，手工翻译

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