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英语科普文章选——2004年十大科学发现
不久前，著名的《科学》杂志评选出2004年最重要的十大科学发现。这些发现中既有人类对神秘宇宙太空的探索，也有对身边熟悉事物的新发现。无论是何种的科学探索和发现，人类求知的愿望和动力永远都在推动社会的发展和进步。
Water and robots on Mars chosen as tops in 2004 by 'Science'
WASHINGTON — The conclusive discovery by a pair of wheeled robots that Mars once had vast pools of water and possibly could have harbored life was chosen by the editors of the journal Science as the most important scientific achievement of 2004.
Scientists announced in March that the Mars once played host to salty seas. This Mars Express image indicates water erosion.
NASA's two Mars rovers（漫游者）Opportunity and Spirit, landed on the Red Planet early in 2004 and have since found clear and conclusive evidence that Mars was drenched with（浸透） water at some time in its history.
The editors of Science, one of the world's leading publishers of peer-reviewed, original research, judged the robotic accomplishment as the top scientific "Breakthrough of the Year."
"Inanimate, wheeled, one-armed boxes roaming another planet have done something no human has ever managed," Science reported in this week's edition. "They have discovered another place in the universe where life could once have existed."
Nine other scientific achievements, including discovery of another species of human, were selected as runners-up, but Science editor-in-chief Donald Kennedy said "there wasn't much doubt about this year's winner."
Opportunity and Spirit found unmistakable proof of Martian water: rippled sediments（沉积物） that were once at the bottom of a shallow sea, and rock that once was so water-soaked that "it had rotted," the journal said.
"Their finds mark a milestone in humankind's search for life elsewhere in the universe," Science said.
Kennedy said one of the most important messages from the remote exploration is "the extraordinary efficiency of these robot missions."
He said it is clear that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration must not abandon its robotic exploration while gearing up for President Bush's program to send humans to the moon and later to Mars.
"To do one at the expense of the other would be a mistake," Kennedy said. "It remains to be demonstrated what a human exploration could do that we can't do now or couldn't do in the next 10 years with robotic technology."
The first runner-up for breakthrough of the year was the discovery on the Indonesian island of Flores of fossils from a species of tiny humans who stood about 3 feet tall and had a brain less than a third the size of modern humans. Yet, the diminutive（小的） hominid（原始人） lived about 18,000 years ago. This suggests that Homo floresiensis shared the Earth with Homo sapiens（人类）, or modern people. Science said some described the find as "the biggest discovery in half a century of anthropological research."
Third on Science's list of 2004 breakthroughs was the cloning of human embryos by South Korean researcher Woo San Hwang and his colleagues. The work was not an attempt to genetically duplicate a human. Instead, the researchers hoped to make embryonic stem cells for research purposes. Although many other mammals have been cloned, the work was the first to demonstrate that cloning techniques would work with human cells.
Following are the rest of Science's 2004 selections.
4. U.S. and Austrian scientists created a new form of condensate（冷凝物）, an ultracold gas that slips into a quantum state where a group of atoms act as a single superatom. The achievement was notable because it used fermions（费米子）, a class of atoms with a nuclear structure that makes it difficult to create a condensate.
5. Scientists discovered that "junk DNA," the base pairs between known genes in the human genetic structure, play an important role. Several research teams have found that DNA between genes helps determine how vigorously and often the genes are activated and shapes the coding for protein production.
6. Astronomers discovered a pair of neutron stars（中子星） locked in orbit of each other and spewing out beams of radiation. Both objects are pulsars（脉冲星）, rapidly flickering on and off with pulses of energy. One object is pulsing at the rate of 44 times a second. By studying the radiation, astronomers hope for the first time to learn about the density of matter within a neutron star.
7. Naturalists tracking the fate of wild species worldwide reported bad news. A survey of amphibians（两栖动物） found that of 5,700 known species, about 30% were at risk of extinction. A survey in the United Kingdom found that butterflies, songbirds and native plant species are all losing ground in the battle for species survival.
8. It is one of the most common and universally known substances, but researchers are still learning more about water. Several teams of researchers made new discoveries about how water molecules（分子） bind together and how electrons（电子） and protons（质子） dissolve in water. Some of the findings are questioned and Science noted: "Water still gives researchers much to scratch their heads about."
9. A new form of research and aid is creating "a revolution in public health," said Science. The partnership of public and private organizations worldwide is changing the way drugs are developed, tested and distributed to the poorest nations on Earth, the journal said. Researchers tallied at least 92 public-private partnerships worldwide attacking such diseases as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
10. Researchers have developed techniques to identify genes in ocean water or in specimens recovered from deep underground. Thousands of new genes have been found. By sequencing these genes, researchers hope to identify news species and, perhaps, learn how organisms survive in harsh and forbidding locations on Earth.
．The World Population
世界人口
2．Bees and Colour
蜜蜂和颜色
3．Fires Long AgO
很久以前的火
4．Flying
飞行
5．Solids，Liquids and Gases
固体、液体和气体
6．RocketS in the Sky
空中火箭
7．Deean Living
海洋生活
8．We Pollute the Air
我们污染了空气
9．Beautiful，but Dangerous
美丽，但危险
10．Overcoming the Problem of Waste
解决废物问题
11．The Sun
太阳
12．Tea
茶
13．Are SOunds Useful or Harmful？
声音有益还是有害？
14．Animal Mimics
动物的保护色
15．Oil in the Earth
地下石油
16．Robot
机器人
17．Atoms，Plants and the Sea
原子、植物和海洋
18．Quakes to Come
即将到来的地震
19．Electric Wire
电线
20． Lignt
光
21．Gravitation
引力
22． The Soil
土壤
23． Irrigstion
灌溉
24．Pendulums
摆
25．Journey to the Moon
月球旅行
26． Electricity
电
27．Cells
细胞
28．The Purifichtion of Water
水的净化
29．Photosynthesis
光合作用
30．Expansion and Contraction
膨胀和收缩
31．Something about Atoms
谈谈原子
32． Inertia
惯性
33．Life in the Universe
宇宙中的生命
34． The First Men to Fly
第一批飞行者
35． Moonlight
月光
36．The DeVelopment of Rubber
橡胶的发展
37． Electric Trains
电气火车
38． The Spe of Sound
音速
39． Discovery by“Accident”
偶然的发现
40．The Beginning of the Air Mail
空邮的开端
41．Color
颜色
42．The Sun’s Family
太阳系
43．The Story of Salt
盐的故事
44．Behind the Looking Glass
镜子背后的故事
45．Floating Bodies
浮体
46．Using Weather Information
利用天气信息
47．Seeing Things
看见物体
48．Stars
星星
49．Bath and Bathing
洗澡和沐浴
50．Cosmetics
化妆品
51．Dislexia
读写困难症
52． What is Heat？
什么是热？
53．Heat Conduction
热传导
54． Colour Television
彩色电视
55． Sources of Energy
能源
56．HOW Nature Breaks Rocks？
大自然是怎样破坏岩石的？
57．Expansion of Liquids and Gases
液体和气体的膨胀
58． What is Chemistry？
什么是化学？
59．The Migution of Birds
候鸟的迁移
60．The Pole Star
北极星
61．Sir Isaac Newton
艾萨克·牛顿爵士
62． Volcanoes
火山
63．Earthquake Control
控制地震
64． Water
水
65．Dust
灰尘
66．How old is the Earth？
地球有多大年龄？
67．The Discoverer of X-rays
X射线的发现者
68． The Desert
沙漠
69．Cotton
棉花
70． What People don’t Know about Air
空气趣闻
71．The Camel
骆驼
72． Exploring the Planets
探索行星
73．Halley’s COmet
哈雷彗星
74． MysteFy of Time
时间之谜
75．Natural Medicines
天然药物
76．Pain
疼痛
77．Today'S RobotS
今天的机器人
78． Trees
树
79． Vitamins
维生素
80．Functinns of Roots and Leaves
根和叶的功用
81．Electricity：the FOrce that Transformed the World
电：改造世界之动力
82．Mystenes of the Sea
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