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Chengdu

Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, lies in the hinterland of the Chengdu Plain, in central Sichuan. Covering a total land area of 12,400 square kilometers, Chengdu has a jurisdiction of over 7 districts, 4 cities and 8 counties. By the end of 1999, the population of Chengdu had reached 10.036 million, of which 3.30 million were urban residents. Chengdu enjoys a long history. 2,500 years ago, Kaiming IX, king of ancient Shu in the Zhou Dynasty (11th century 256BC), started to set up the capital in Chengdu. "A town was built in this area in the first year and the capital in the second year, so the ancestor named the city as Chengdu, which means to become a capital. Later on, Chengdu gradually became one of the most important centers of politics, economy and culture in China. It has been the capital for the feudal dynasties five times and twice for the peasant uprising regimes, known as Dashu and Daxi. As early as in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD)), Chengdu began to enjoy the fame of one of the Top Five Capitals. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Chengdu was reputed as the Yang (Yangzhou) first, yi (Chengdu) second; it had by then became the economic center just after Yangzhou. In the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-8AD), brocades produced in Chengdu were very popular in China. So Chengdu was also called the City of Brocade. In the Five Kingdoms Period (907-960), Mengchang, king of the Houshu Kingdom, decreed to plant hibiscuses on the protective wall of the city, so Chengdu was also called the City of Hibiscus. As one of China's famous historical and cultural cities, Chengdu enjoys rich tourist resources. 15,500 years ago, a well-known poet in the Jin Kingdom, Zuo Si extolled Chengdu as lofty and pretty. This city has also gained the eulogium by both Li Bai, the poet immortal and Du Fu, the poet sage. With rich cultural heritage and beautiful scenic spots, Chengdu is a peaceful and prosperous city.

[edit] Eat

Sichuan being the most known Chinese food style within China, you will find no shortage of delicious Sichuan food in Chengdu. Most of the food is quite spicy, be sure to order non spicy (不要辣 bú yào là) or little spicy (微辣 wēi là) food, at least if you are not accustomed to it yet, or have a bottle of peanut milk ready to quell the fire. The local king of kings is the Hotpot, basically a big pot of oil, water and spices simmering in a hole in the middle of your table. Patrons choose from a big variety of skewered food including veggies, sea-weed, fish, beef, chicken, and dog's meat and proceed to boil them in the oil. After the meal, your bill will be calculated by counting the skewer-sticks.

日本英文介绍

England's full title is "Great Britain and the Northern Ireland united kingdom", by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be posed. She separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent, is an island country. The English total area approximately 240,000 square kilometers, the population nearly 59 million, according to the history, the geography and the national character divides into England, Scotland, Wales, the Northern Ireland four parts, English people account for the total population 80%. The English inhabitants mostly believe in the Christianity protestanti *** , the Northern Ireland area partial inhabitants believe Catholici *** . The English winter warm summer is cool, is the oceanity temperate climate.

National survey(国家概况)

England is the modern times Industrial Revolution place of origin, the official name "the united kingdom", the full title "Great Britain and the Northern Ireland united kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)", the national area altogether 244,000 square kilometers, the inhabitant multi- letters Christianity protestanti *** , the Northern Ireland area partial inhabitants believe Catholici *** , some Englishes also believe in the Islami *** , Buddhi *** , Hindui *** , the race, the Judai *** and so on.

Geographical position(地理位置)

The entire boundary by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be posed, separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent, is an island country. Coastline total length 11,000 kilometers. The east side British island is in the archipelago the biggest islands, also is the English most main national territory. It by the north Scotland, south and the middle England and the north-west Welsh three areas is posed.

Climate(气候)

England is the oceanity temperate climate, the general winter warm summer is cool.

History(历史)

Discovered according to the archaeology that, on the British island has the humanity in 3500 ago to live. 5 centuries intermediate stages, large quantities of Date graceful person invade Great Britain by Northern Europe, bees the nowadays England people the ancestor. But a then Kerr special person part ran away west and north the mountainous area, another part ran away toward Ireland, they are today Wales person, the Scotland person and the Irish person's ancestor. A.D. 6 centuries Christianity starts to spread to Great Britain. In 15 centuries the leaf, the English aristocrats for capture the throne to hit for 30 years "the rose" the civil war. Finally, the economical more developed south earth advocates peace the new aristocrat to win. "All Ze dynasty" from this establishment. In the First World War time, the yingde has bee the belligerent country. As a result of the English people's counter- German mood, English king Gee five th issued an order in 1919, will have the German color "the Hannover dynasty" to change name as "Warm sand dynasty". In 18th century leaf, because politics, the economy and the technical aspect gradually are mature, England has started a industrial revolution. Along with the steam engine invention, each kind of machine use, to 19th century in leaf's Victoria time, England has bee in the world the most advanced industrialized country, leaps to the world first place in the production and the trade yeast, everywhere carries out the gunboat policy, captures the marine hegemony, invades the colony, massively plunders other country wealth. Great Britain dominates the world, spreads Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Australia in the overseas control region, is known as "the date not to fall the empire". To 19th century last stages, because country's and so on America, Germany rises and all that all sorts of reasons, England gradually loses the superiority. Afterwards received the serious wound in Second World War, Great Britain national strength declines day after day. Originally is the native place the Irish island, its south 26 county were separated from the united kingdom in 1921, the overseas colony also in abundance announce the independence after World War II. Great Britain gradually evolves a anization loose British monwealth of Nations.

英国的全称是“大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国”的坐落在欧洲大陆的东北海岸的群岛英属群岛大部分组成.她分开北海,多佛海峡和英吉利海峡相望的欧洲大陆另一个是一个岛国.英语总面积约240,000平方公里,人口近59万美元,根据历史,地理和民族品格进入英格兰,苏格兰,威尔士,北爱尔兰四个部分划分,英国人占了总人口的80％.英语的居民大部分是在基督教新教相信,北爱尔兰地区部分居民信天主教.英语冬暖夏凉,是海洋性温带气候.

全国调查（国家概况）

英国是近代工业革命的起源,正式名称为“联合王国”,全称“大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国（大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国）”,全国发生面积共244,000平方公里,居民多信基督教新教,北爱尔兰地区部分居民信天主教,一些英语的也相信,在 *** 教,佛教,印度教,种族,犹太教等.

地理位置（地理位置）

方法全境由欧洲大陆的东北部海岸的群岛英属群岛大部分组成,隔北海,多佛海峡和英吉利海峡相望的欧洲大陆,另一个是一个岛国.海岸线总长度1.1万公里.东面的大不列颠岛是群岛中最大的岛屿,也是英国最主要的国土.它是由苏格兰北部,南部和英格兰中部和西北部的威尔士三个地区组成.

气候（气候）

英国是海洋性温带气候,冬季温暖的夏季一般是凉爽.

历史（历史）

据考古发现是,在英国岛屿有3500年前的人类生活. 5世纪中期,优美的日期大量侵入人的大北欧英国,成为现今英格兰人的祖先.但当时克尔特别的人跑了部分西部和北部山区,另一部分爱尔兰跑向了,他们是今天的威尔士人,苏格兰和爱尔兰人的人的祖先.公元6世纪基督教开始蔓延到英国.在15世纪叶,英国贵族为捕捉王位打了30年“玫瑰”内战.最后,经济较发达的南方大地主张和平的新贵族取胜. “所有泽王朝”从此确立.在第一次世界大战期间,英德已成为好战的国家.作为的英国人民的反德情绪的结果,英国国王乔治五日发出的命令在1919年,将有德国色彩的“汉诺威王朝”改变为“温暖的沙子王朝”的名字.在18世纪的一页,因为政治,经济和技术方面逐步成熟,英国已开始了工业革命.随着蒸汽机的发明,各种机械用一种,在叶的维多利亚时间19世纪,英国已成为世界上最先进的工业化国家,跃居世界生产和贸易的酵母首位,到处进行炮舰政策,抓住了海上霸权,侵占殖民地,大量掠夺其他国家财富.英国主宰世界,在海外传播控制地区的欧洲,亚洲,美洲,非洲,澳洲,为“日不落帝国”之称.到了19世纪的最后阶段,由于国家和等美国,德国上升和所有种种原因,英国逐渐失去优势.后来收到了在第二次世界大战后伤口严重的一天,英国国力下降的一天.原来是本土的爱尔兰岛,其南部的26个县进行分离,从英国在1921年,海外殖民地也纷纷宣布第二次世界大战后独立.英国一个组织松散的逐渐演变英联邦.

Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku) is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes identified as the "Land of the Rising Sun".

Japan is comprised of over 3,000 islands[5] making it an archipelago. The largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for example, Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. Japan has the world's tenth largest population, with about 128 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.

Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century A.D. Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. Since adopting its constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament, the Diet.

Japan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.

About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous,[39][40] and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.[41]

Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century.[42] The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts.[43]

The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south.[44] Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:

Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter.

Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon.

Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light.

Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.

Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind.

Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common.

The highest temperature ever measured in Japan — 40.9 degrees Celsius — was recorded on August 16, 2007.[45]

The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.[44]

Japan is home to nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.[46]

From 1868, Meiji period launched economic expansion. Meiji rulers embraced the concept of a free market economy and adopted British and North American forms of free enterprise capitalism. Japanese went to study overseas and Western scholars were hired to teach in Japan. Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time. Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "Japanese miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s.[53] Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of Japanese asset price bubble and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000.[54] The economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.[55]

The Minato Mirai 21 district of Yokohama. The majority of Japan's economy is service sector based.Japan is the second largest economy in the world,[56] after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP[56] and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity.[57] Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation, telecommunications and construction are all major industries.[58] Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods.[54] The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.

As of 2001, Japan's shrinking labor force consisted of some 67 million workers.[59] Japan has a low unemployment rate, around 4%. Japan's GDP per hour worked is the world's 19th highest as of 2007.[60] Big Mac Index shows that Japanese workers get the highest salary per hour in the world. Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota Motor, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Nintendo, Nippon Steel, Tepco, Mitsubishi Estate, and 711.[61] It is home to some of the world's largest banks and the Tokyo Stock Exchange, known for Nikkei 225, stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization.[62] Japan is home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16.3% (as of 2006).

Nagoya has high industrial power like automative industry.Japan ranks 12th of 178 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2008 and it has one of the smallest governments in the developed world. Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features. Keiretsu enterprises are influential. Lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in Japanese work environment.[63][64] Japanese companies are known for management methods such as "The Toyota Way". Shareholder activism is rare.[65] Recently, Japan has moved away from some of these norms.[66][67] In the Index of Economic Freedom, Japan is the 5th most laissez-faire of 30 Asian countries.[68]

Japan's exports amounted to 4,210 U.S. dollars per capita in 2005. Japan's main export markets are the United States 22.8%, the European Union 14.5%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.[54] Japan's main import markets are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, the European Union 10.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries.[69] By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country.[64] Junichiro Koizumi administration commenced some pro-competition reforms and foreign investment in Japan has soared recently.[70]

Japan's business culture has many indigenous concepts such as nemawashi, nenko system, salaryman, and office lady. Japan's housing market is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas. This is particularly true for Tokyo, the world's largest urban agglomeration GDP. More than half of Japanese live in suburbs or more rural areas, where detached houses are the dominant housing type. Agricultural businesses in Japan often utilize a system of terrace farming and crop yields are high. 13% of Japan's land is cultivated. Japan accounts for nearly 15% of the global fish catch, second only to China.[54] Japan's agricultural sector is protected at high cost.[71]

Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.[108] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.[109]

Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[110] Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.[111]

Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony.[112]

A Japanese gardenThe earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters.[113] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[114] An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.[114] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori ?gai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).

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