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姓氏 英国人在很长的一段时间里只有名而没有姓。直到16世纪姓氏的使用才广泛流行开来。
英语姓氏的词源主要有：
1. 直接借用教名，如 Clinton.
2. 在教名上加上表示血统关系的词缀，如后缀-s, -son, -ing；前缀 M'-, Mc-, Mac-, Fitz- 等均表示某某之子或后代。
3. 在教名前附加表示身份的词缀，如 St.-, De-, Du=, La-, Le-.
4. 反映地名，地貌或环境特征的，如 Brook, Hill等。
5. 反映身份或职业的，如：Carter, Smith.
6. 反映个人特征的，如：Black, Longfellow.
7. 借用动植物名的，如 Bird, Rice.
8. 由双姓合并而来，如 Burne-Jones. 英语姓氏虽然出现较教名晚，但数量要多得多。常用的有：Smith, Miller, Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams.
IV. 几点说明
1. 较早产生的源于圣经，希腊罗马神话的教名通常不借用为姓氏。
2. 英国人习惯上将教名和中间名全部缩写，如 M. H. Thatcher；美国人则习惯于只缩写中间名，如 Ronald W. Reagan。
3. 在姓名之前有时还要有人际称谓，如职务军衔之类。Dr., Prof., Pres. 可以用于姓氏前或姓名前；而Sir 仅用于教名或姓名前。
英语小常识
The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people living away from home go back, becoming the busiest time for transportation systems of about half a month from the Spring Festival. Airports, railway stations and long-distance bus stations are crowded with home returnees. Strictly speaking, the Spring Festival starts every year in the early days of the 12th lunar month and will last till the mid 1st lunar month of the next year. Of them, the most important days are Spring Festival Eve and the first three days. The Chinese government now stipulates people have seven days off for the Chinese Lunar New Year. Many customs accompany the Spring Festival. Some are still followed today, but others have weakened. On the 8th day of the 12th lunar month, many families make laba porridge, a delicious kind of porridge made with glutinous rice, millet, seeds of Job's tears, jujube berries, lotus seeds, beans, longan and gingko. The 23rd day of the 12th lunar month is called Preliminary Eve. At this time, people offer sacrifice to the kitchen god. Now however, most families make delicious food to enjoy themselves. After the Preliminary Eve, people begin preparing for the coming New Year. This is called "Seeing the New Year in". Store owners are busy then as everybody goes out to purchase necessities for the New Year. Materials not only include edible oil, rice, flour, chicken, duck, fish and meat, but also fruit, candies and kinds of nuts. What's more, various decorations, new clothes and shoes for the children as well as gifts for the elderly, friends and relatives, are all on the list of purchasing. Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils. Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners' wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Year. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance. The Chinese character "fu" (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the "reversed fu" is homophonic with "fu comes", both being pronounced as "fudaole." What's more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored
NewY
earpaintingswithauspiciousmeaningsmaybeputonthewall.
PeopleattachgreatimportancetoSpringFestivalEve.Atthattime,allfamilymemberseatdinner
together.
The
meal
is
more
luxurious
than
usual.
Dishes
such
as
chicken,
fish
and
bean
curd
cannotbeexcluded,forinChinese,theirpronunciations,respectively"ji","yu"and"doufu,"mean
auspiciousness,
abundance
and
richness.
After
the
dinner,
the
whole
family
will
sit
together,
chattingandwatchingTV
.Inrecentyears,theSpringFestivalpartybroadcastonChinaCentral
Television
Station
(CCTV)
is
essential
entertainment
for
the
Chinese
both
at
home
and
abroad.
Accordingtocustom,eachfamilywillstayuptoseetheNewY
earin.
WakinguponNewY
ear,everybodydressesup.Firsttheyextendgreetingstotheirparents.Then
eachchildwillgetmoneyasaNewY
eargift,wrappedupinredpaper.PeopleinnorthernChina
willeatjiaozi,ordumplings,forbreakfast,astheythink"jiaozi"insoundmeans"biddingfarewell
totheoldandusheringinthenew".Also,theshapeofthedumplingislikegoldingotfromancient
China.Sopeopleeatthemandwishformoneyandtreasure.
Southern
Chinese
eat
niangao
(New
Y
ear
cake
made
of
glutinous
rice
flour)
on
this
occasion,
becauseasahomophone,niangaomeans"higherandhigher,oneyearafteranother."Thefirstfive
days
after
the
Spring
Festival
are
a
good
time
for
relatives,
friends,
andclassmates
aswell
as
colleaguestoexchangegreetings,giftsandchatleisurely.
BurningfireworkswasoncethemosttypicalcustomontheSpringFestival.Peoplethoughtthe
splutteringsoundcouldhelpdriveawayevilspirits.However,suchanactivitywascompletelyor
partiallyforbiddeninbigcitiesoncethegovernmenttooksecurity,noiseandpollutionfactorsinto
consideration.Asareplacement,somebuytapeswithfirecrackersoundstolistento,somebreak
littleballoonstogetthesoundtoo,whileothersbuyfirecrackerhandicraftstohangintheliving
room.
Thelivelyatmospherenotonlyfillseveryhousehold,butpermeatestostreetsandlanes.A
series
ofactivitiessuchasliondancing,dragonlanterndancing,lanternfestivalsandtemplefairswillbe
heldfordays.TheSpringFestivalthencomestoanendwhentheLanternFestivalisfinished.
Chinahas56ethnicgroups.MinoritiescelebratetheirSpringFestivalalmostthesamedayasthe
(1)70％ (2)60％
英语是当今世界上主要的国际通用语言之一。据1986年统计，世界上以英语为母语的人近四亿，差不多每十个人中就有一个人讲英语。英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家的人都讲英语。另外，世界上还有20多个国家把英语作为官方语言或第二语言使用，共计约有八亿人。也就是说，世界上差不多每五个人中就有一个人在一定程度上懂英语。
从使用的范围来看，全世界70％以上的邮件是用英文书写或用英文写地址的，在全世界的广播节目中，60％是用英语进行的。世界上的科技资料，大部分是用英语发表的。绝大部分的国际会议以英语为第一通用语言。英语是联合国的正式工作语言之一。总之，在国际政治、军事、经济、科技、文化、贸易、交通运输等领域，通常以英语为交流工具。可见，英语是掌握未来的一把钥匙，小朋友们要好好学习英语，为开创21世纪打下良好的基础！
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